This medieval illustration comes from a manuscript, attributed to a figure named Chrétien Legouais, that contained The Ovide Moralisé (an anonymous French translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses). Although the manuscript illustrations were produced around the 14th century, the artworks tell mythological stories that were anthologized by ancient writers such as Ovid (43 BCE-17 CE) and Pseudo-Apollodorus (c. 1st-2nd century). In particular, this illustration was inspired by stories of the death of the mythical hero, Hercules (the Roman name for the mighty Greek figure, Heracles).
Hercules, despite often holding his own against powers both mortal and divine, met his premature demise as a result of his complicated relationships with women. By the time of his final years, Hercules may have been married two or three times, and Princess Deianeira (or Deianira) of Calydon was the last of his mortal wives. Being the significant other of Hercules was a rough and paranoia-filled occupation, for the mighty warrior was a flighty individual who, like his father Zeus, had the tendencies of a relentless womanizer and a lecherous rapist. Deianeira’s justified worries about her unscrupulous husband’s lustful affairs intensified after Hercules sacked the city of Oichalia in order to capture a beautiful woman named Iole (whose family was unfortunately massacred by Hercules during her abduction). When Deianeira discovered that Hercules was infatuated with Iole, the revelation caused Deianeira to fear that she would soon be replaced and abandoned. This fear and jealousy would be pivotal to the downfall of Hercules.
Although Deianeira would eventually cause the death of Hercules, the real key to what was about to unfold was a chance encounter that Hercules and Deianeira had with a centaur named Nessus (or Nessos). This lusty centaur tried to assault Deianeira and, as the story goes, he was excitedly close to accomplishing his goal when Hercules rescued his wife by shooting the centaur with a poisoned arrow (which was coated in deadly hydra venom). Deianeira, who was beside Nessus as the centaur lay dying, unfortunately heard the creature’s mischievous last words. Nessus told her that if his blood and, ahem, other seedy bodily fluids that he had spilled on the ground were combined, it would make a powerful love potion that would turn Hercules into a faithful and devoted husband if it was exposed to the hero’s skin. Believing Nessus’ words, Deinaeira secretly scooped up and bottled the suspicious substances that had leaked out of the centaur. Unfortunately for Hercules, it was not a love potion that Deinaeira had obtained, but a terrible and deadly poison. After all, the centaur’s spilled blood was poisoned with the very same Hydra venom that had coated Hercules’ arrows.
Refocusing on the aforementioned Iole, when Deinaeira realized that she had competition for Hercules’ affection, she decided to employ the ‘love potion’ that she had obtained from Nessus. As the story goes, Hercules one day requested that Deinaeira send him a garment of clothing that he could use during a sacrifice to Zeus. For Deinaeira, it was an ideal moment to use her potion—she applied the centaur’s liquid to Hercules’ garments and had a messenger named Lichas carefully bring the clothing to the unsuspecting hero. Pseudo-Apollodorus (c. 1st-2nd century) described what happened next:
“Deianeira, learning from Lichas how matters stood with regard to Iole, was afraid that Heracles might be more in love with Iole than with herself, and thinking that the blood that had flowed from Nessos really was a love-potion, she rubbed it into the tunic. So Heracles put it on, and proceeded with the sacrifice. But as soon as the tunic grew warm, the poison from the hydra began to bite into his skin” (Apollodorus, Library, 2.7.7).
After being covered in the hydra venom, and subsequently suffering from its incurable physical afflictions, Hercules ultimately decided to burn himself to death in order to stop the pain. On this, the aforementioned Apollodorus stated, “Heracles made his way to Mount Oeta (which lies on Trachinian territory), and built a pyre there and climbed on to it, ordering that it should be set alight” (Apollodorus, Library, 2.7.7). It is this myth of the poisoned Heracles/Hercules burning himself that is re-created in the manuscript, albeit in a medieval manuscript style of illustration that somewhat clashes with the ancient subject matter.
Written by C. Keith Hansley
Sources:
- The Library of History, by Diodorus Siculus, edited by Giles Laurén (Sophron Editor, 2014).
- Apollodorus, The Library of Greek Mythology, translated by Robin Hard. New York, Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Metamorphoses by Ovid. Translated by David Raeburn. Penguin Classics; Revised Edition, 2004.
- https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0305.xml
- https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/9200519/ark__12148_btv1b10051776s
- https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10051776s#
